Mexicoβs standing as a leader in the global manufacturing market has been long established, even amidst increased global competition. Many Fortune 500 companies and other multi-national companies have turned to Mexico in an attempt to cut costs while maintaining U.S. standards of quality and efficiency.
Since the inception of the twin plant or maquila industry in the 1960βs, global companies have established labor intensive assembly operations in Mexico while paying substantially less for labor, components and real estate compared to the United States and many parts of Europe.
In the early 1990βs, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was established, making Mexico even more attractive for foreign direct investment by reducing and often eliminating existing tariffs -- resulting in larger volumes of trade between North American countries. In 2007, trade between the United States and its NATFA partners (Mexico and Canada) stood at $908.9 billion, growing from $613.6 billion in 2001 -- a 48 percent increase.
For more than 30 years following the creation of the maquila industry, Mexico enjoyed an environment that was relatively free of global competition in the race to make products for consumption in North America. But in 2001, the competitive landscape changed.
After 15 years of aggressive negotiation, China was granted membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since then, manufacturing operations have grown exponentially in China, catapulting it to a globally significant player in the exportation of manufactured goods, placing it in direct competition with Mexico.
In 2001, U.S.-Mexico trade stood at $232.9 billion, almost double that of U.S.-China trade. In 2006, China surpassed Mexico in total trade with the U.S. for the first time, and in 2007, U.S. trade with China ($386.7 B) was approximately 13 percent higher than trade with Mexico.
A closer look at the data, however, shows that U.S. exports to Mexico are still more than double the level of US exports to China -- which is probably an indication of the close manufacturing relationship that continues to exist between the U.S. and Mexico.
A recent survey by Deloitte Research indicates that China and Mexico are the top two potential destinations for foreign direct investment by U.S. manufacturers. Thirty-eight percent of respondents indicate they are contemplating China for manufacturing operations and an additional 25 percent are considering Mexico. As a result, a high level comparison of Mexico versus China is merited.
The wage comparison tends to attract the attention of most multi-national corporations. Direct labor wages in China currently stand at $0.90 per hour, which in most cases includes room and board. Mexicoβs direct labor wage is $2.50 per hour, including taxes, meals, transportation, and medical benefits -- as well potential productivity and punctuality bonuses. A closer look at the labor force of the two countries reveals a substantial difference in productivity.
Per capita GDP in Mexico stands at $7,467, more than six times greater than Chinaβs per capita GDP of $1,240. Research also shows that Mexicoβs labor force may be more technologically savvy. There are only 62 computers and 220 cell phones per 1,000 people in China, while there are 228 computers and 600 cell phones per 1,000 people in Mexico.
Mexicoβs strengths tend to favor companies that manufacture highly customized products that are particularly sensitive to shipping costs and lead times. Production in Mexico will also tend to favor bulkier, heavier products that are destined for consumption in North America.
Because of its considerably lower labor cost, China typically favors labor intensive, commodity type products. While Chinaβs labor assets are enormous (the population is almost thirteen times larger than Mexicoβs), their skills are typically less developed than their Mexican counterparts. As a result, China is typically better suited for high volume, low mix manufacturing operations.
While it is not true in every instance, the following list provides an overview of the types of industries that tend to favor one country over the other.
Mexico
- Aerospace
- Automotive
- Medical Devices
- Data Management
- Repair & Maintenance
- High-end consumer electronics
China
- Footwear
- Toys
- Furniture
- Textile & Apparel
- Small Appliances
- Information Technology
No matter the industry, U.S. and Canadian companies that operate in Mexico have a significant advantage over operating in China to efficiently address engineering changes and other quality control issues, especially when those issues necessitate the direct attention of North American management. Geographic proximity and a more than 40-year track record of the maquiladora industry allow Mexican operations to consistently perform at U.S. levels of quality and safety.
The protection of Intellectual Property is yet another advantage of operating in Mexico. The Office of the United States Trade Representativeβs 2008 βSpecial 301β Report of intellectual property rights protection and enforcement placed China on the βPriority Watch Listβ designating it as the worst offender of IP protection among the 78 countries surveyed. While Mexico was also listed, it was designated on the lower level βWatch List.β The complete report can be downloaded here.
Industrial rental rates are comparable in the two countries, averaging $4.50 per square foot NNN in China and $5.00 per square foot NNN in Mexico. Mexico provides the option to own land and buildings, while only renting is possible in China. Industrial sites in Mexico (land and building) typically range between $30-32 per square foot.
Mexico boasts numerous high quality manufacturing locations. For instance the Borderplex -- a metropolitan area that includes the cities of El Paso, Texas; Ciudad Juarez, Mexico; and Las Cruces, New Mexico -- comprises one of the top five manufacturing employment centers in North America with over 260,000 production workers.
Located at the midpoint of the 2,000 mile U.S./Mexico border, the Borderplex offers a world-class manufacturing environment with robust international logistics and communications infrastructure. Three commercial ports of entry in the Borderplex clear more than 2,000 commercial trucks per day and more than $50 billion in annual trade between Mexico and the U.S.
As the birthplace of the maquiladora industry in the 1960βs, Juarez employs one in five of all maquila industry workers in Mexico. This regional manufacturing environment includes international rail service with multiple U.S. carriers, international airports in both cities, and the largest (over 300,000 sq ft) and most modern air cargo facility on the U.S./Mexico border.
Programs such as CTPAT (Customs and Trade Partnership Against Terrorism) are supported by dedicated lanes for private automobiles and commercial trucks -- lanes specifically designed to expedite the cross border flow of legitimate people and commerce. As a result of these programs, approximately 3,400 people make the daily commute from El Paso to Juarez to work as plant managers, engineers and other positions, often within a 30-minute time period.
To learn more about the Borderplex , contact REDCo at 1-800-651-8070. REDCo is a private, non-profit corporation dedicated to recruiting business and industry and military missions to the El Paso region, which also includes Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua and Las Cruces, New Mexico.