When making temperature measurements, two ways have traditionally been employed to get process readings back to a monitoring and control system. One method is to use sensor extension wires to carry the low-level signals (ohm or mV) generated by field-mounted RTD or thermocouple sensors. Another is to install temperature transmitters at or near the measurement point. The transmitter amplifies and conditions the sensor signal. It also transmits it over a twisted wire pair back to the control room.
Direct wiring strategies have generally been considered less expensive and sometimes easier. Because of cost considerations, transmitters were often reserved for control and applications where signal and loop integrity were a must. Today’s highly functional microprocessor-based field-mount temperature transmitters are comparable in price to direct wiring strategies. When the additional advantages of using intelligent transmitters are factored in, you can save considerable time and avoid maintenance headaches. This is especially true when the measurement point is located a long distance from the readout and control system. Cut Wiring CostsThe direct wiring of thermocouples to a control system requires the use of thermocouple extension wires. Extension wire can cost several times more than common shielded copper wire used for a temperature transmitter’s 4-20 mA signal. The savings in wire cost can go a long way toward paying for the temperature transmitter. The longer the wire run, the greater the potential savings. In retrofit situations, you may want to switch to transmitters, but you may be reluctant to do so because you mistakenly believe that new copper wires must be run to accommodate the 4-20 mA. This is not necessarily the case. Temperature transmitters can be installed at the sensor, and the in-place RTD or thermocouple extension wires can be used to transmit the 4-20 mA back to the control system. The qualifier is resistance. Because thermocouple wire has higher resistance than copper wire, you should run the resistance calculation on your extension wire to make sure you do not over-burden the temperature transmitter. If these calculations confirm that you can use the existing field wiring, you will have no additional installation time or material costs. And, you still get all the advantages of using temperature transmitters.
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Common in nearly every industrial environment, RFI (radio frequency interference) and EMI (electromagnetic interference) can negatively affect process signals. Before you eliminate RFI and EMI as the possible culprits of erratic signals, you should consider some of their common sources: mobile and stationary radios, TVs, hand-held walkie-talkies, radio-controlled overhead cranes, radar, induction heating systems, static discharge, high-speed power-switching elements, high ac current conductors, large solenoids and relays, transformers, AC and DC motors, welders, and even fluorescent lighting. If you have one or more of these in your plant, you may have an RFI/EMI problem. The result is sometimes just a minor inconvenience. Other times, it can be as serious as a nuisance plant trip. In a direct wiring scheme, the low-level signals generated by an RTD (ohm) or thermocouple (mV) are particularly susceptible to the signal-degrading effects of RFI/EMI. Compounding the problem, sensor extension wires can behave much like an RFI/EMI antenna by actually drawing plant noise to the wires and affecting weak, low-level signals. Conversely, a properly designed temperature transmitter effectively negates the effects of RFI in two ways. If the RFI/EMI is on the temperature sensor, the transmitter’s RFI filtering will prevent the noise from propagating to the transmitter’s output. If the noise is being picked up on the 4-20 mA side of the transmitter, the 4-20 mA signal strength will be less distorted by the RFI than would a mV level signal. The transmitter’s output has a higher signal-to-noise ratio. When specifying your transmitter, always check for RFI/EMI protection. If there is no specification given, it’s usually because the instrument is not designed to resist noise. It probably will not perform very well in a noisy plant environment. Reduce Hardware Costs
With direct wiring, it is necessary to provide temperature input cards for the DCS and PLC. These cards usually cost more per point than does a 4-20 mA input card. If you are using temperature transmitters, the lower cost 4-20 mA input cards help to pay for the transmitters. Additionally, you are keeping in inventory one less board type and reducing another source of maintenance confusion. Temperature transmitters usually can handle more sensor types than can a temperature input board for a DCS or PLC. That enables the user to select the sensor type that is ideal for the application and not be limited by what sensors can be handled by an input card in a direct wired scheme. Sensors that are likely acceptable to a temperature transmitter and not to a DCS/PLC input card are four-wire RTDs, 1000-ohm RTDs, and 10-ohm copper RTDs. With an intelligent temperature transmitter, you can simply change out the sensor and reconfigure the transmitter to accommodate the different sensor type. The loop’s twisted pair wiring and existing 4-20 mA input boards don’t even have to be touched. Because you never know what sensor you’ll end up with, make sure you select a universal transmitter that configures to accept all common temperature sensor types and temperature ranges. You gain more application flexibility if you use a temperature transmitter with adequate input/output isolation. Temperature sensors insulated with MgO will eventually go to ground. If the sensor is an RTD, you must discard it and buy new. But if that sensor is a TC and you have isolation elsewhere in the measurement loop, the grounded TC still provides a valid temperature measurement. If you place the loop isolation in the transmitter, you gain the flexibility of being able to use non-isolated 4-20 mA input cards, which are generally the least expensive input cards. If all your TCs are grounded, no error-causing ground loops can occur when you use isolated TTs. Enhance Accuracy and Stability
Using temperature transmitters can substantially enhance measurement accuracy. DCS and PLC systems measure readings over the entire (very wide) range of a sensor. It is well known that measuring a narrower range produces far more accurate measurements. Transmitters can be calibrated to any range within a sensor’s overall capabilities. Their measurements are more precise than is possible with most direct wiring strategies. Some transmitters deliver accuracy ratings of ±0.13°C (±0.23°F) when paired with a common Pt100 RTD sensor over a 200-degree span. If you need even better accuracy, you can trim a universal transmitter to precisely match a particular sensor. Even though sensors are designed to have a high degree of conformance to an established curve, each one — even precision sensors — will vary slightly from its stated specification. By using the TT electronics to match the TT to the sensor, you eliminate this final bit of error